14.1 Types of Reproduction
- Asexual Reproduction: Involves one parent, offspring are genetically identical.
- Sexual Reproduction: Involves two parents, offspring have genetic variation.
14.2 Asexual Reproduction
- Methods:
- Vegetative Propagation: New plants from parts like stems or roots.
- Budding: Small part of the plant grows into a new organism.
- Spore Formation: E.g., in ferns, spores are released and grow into new plants.
14.3 Sexual Reproduction
- Gametes: Male (pollen) and female (ovule) reproductive cells.
- Pollination: Transfer of pollen from male to female organs.
- Fertilization: Fusion of male and female gametes.
- Seed Dispersal: Methods: Wind, animals, water, explosive.
14.4 Structure of Flowers
| Part of Flower | Function |
|---|
| Stigma | Receives pollen. |
| Style | Connects stigma to the ovary. |
| Ovary | Contains ovules, where fertilization occurs. |
| Anther | Produces pollen. |
| Filament | Supports the anther. |
| Petals | Attract pollinators. |
| Sepals | Protect the flower bud. |
14.5 Pollination
- Self-Pollination: Pollen from the same flower.
- Cross-Pollination: Pollen from different flowers.
14.6 Fertilization
- Pollen fertilizes the ovule, forming a zygote that develops into a seed.
14.7 Germination
- Conditions: Water, oxygen, warmth.
- Stages: Seed absorbs water → Breaks seed coat → Root and shoot emerge.